Alfa Laval - Energy alfa.laval@alfalaval.com https://energy.alfalaval.com en-us Visualplatform http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss Alfa Laval - Energy episodic no https://energy.alfalaval.com/files/rv0.0/sitelogo.gif https://energy.alfalaval.com http://energy.alfalaval.com/optimize-liquid-gas-mixing-with-2 <p><p>With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet pipe of the heat exchanger.</p><p></p><p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/optimize-liquid-gas-mixing-with-2"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968575/117066483/c9dc24bebf8408c0aecb3c5118af488d/standard/download-9-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/117066483 Fri, 03 Oct 2025 15:54:11 GMT Optimize liquid-gas mixing with Spray Bar With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet pipe of the heat exchanger.For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinoxVersion with burnt in subtitles. With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet... Alfa Laval - Energy 01:37 <p><p>With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet pipe of the heat exchanger.</p><p></p><p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/optimize-liquid-gas-mixing-with-2"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968575/117066483/c9dc24bebf8408c0aecb3c5118af488d/standard/download-9-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia crude oil refinery welded heat exchanger http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-efficiency-in-ldes-1 <p>Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy<br /> storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+.</p> <p>To learn more visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-efficiency-in-ldes-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968569/78835689/fd0bcafa14d1623780f76f238122e36e/standard/download-14-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/78835689 Mon, 26 Sep 2022 10:55:14 GMT Improve efficiency in LDES applications with Packinox+ heat exchangers Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+. To learn more visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+. To learn... Alfa Laval - Energy 03:10 <p>Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy<br /> storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+.</p> <p>To learn more visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-efficiency-in-ldes-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968569/78835689/fd0bcafa14d1623780f76f238122e36e/standard/download-14-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene hydorgen hydraulic efficiency ldes long duration energy storage methanol net-zero oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-efficiency-in-ldes <p>Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+.</p> <p>To learn more visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-efficiency-in-ldes"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968578/78835668/ade887cec120d3aa8242d1ead76d24e2/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/78835668 Mon, 26 Sep 2022 10:53:23 GMT Improve efficiency in LDES applications with Packinox+ heat exchangers Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+. To learn more visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox Version with burnt in subtitles. Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+. To learn... Alfa Laval - Energy 03:10 <p>Heat exchangers are key components in some of the most promising technologies currently being developed for long duration energy storage, and Alfa Laval has recently developed a new heat exchanger for this application called Packinox+.</p> <p>To learn more visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-efficiency-in-ldes"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968578/78835668/ade887cec120d3aa8242d1ead76d24e2/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat transfer hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol net-zero oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/increased-reliability-and-reduced <p>This animation demonstrates the working principle of the HyperCut feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Unique plate design that increases reliability and reduces pressure drop.<p></p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/increased-reliability-and-reduced"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968568/75577551/cdc83bc83ea75cfb43d43ac59b4f5520/standard/download-8-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/75577551 Tue, 30 Aug 2022 09:09:49 GMT Increased reliability and reduced pressure drop with Alfa Laval HyperCut This animation demonstrates the working principle of the HyperCut feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Unique plate design that increases reliability and reduces pressure drop. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox This animation demonstrates the working principle of the HyperCut feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Unique plate design that increases reliability and reduces pressure drop. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox Alfa Laval - Energy 00:33 <p>This animation demonstrates the working principle of the HyperCut feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Unique plate design that increases reliability and reduces pressure drop.<p></p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/increased-reliability-and-reduced"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968568/75577551/cdc83bc83ea75cfb43d43ac59b4f5520/standard/download-8-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchange heat exchanger heat transfer hydraulic efficiency hydrogen long term enery storage methanol oil and gas industry operating cost petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel industry thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer welded http://energy.alfalaval.com/optimize-liquid-gas-mixing-with <p>With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet pipe of the heat exchanger.</p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/optimize-liquid-gas-mixing-with"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968578/77131991/e5775e2d00078e503d1963d565b185de/standard/download-8-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77131991 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:42:30 GMT Optimize liquid-gas mixing with Spray Bar With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet pipe of the heat exchanger. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet... Alfa Laval - Energy 01:37 <p>With a Packinox heat exchanger you mix liquid and gas inside the heat exchanger by spraying the liquid into the gas as it moves through the unit. This is a far better solution than the traditional one, which is to inject the liquid in the inlet pipe of the heat exchanger.</p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/optimize-liquid-gas-mixing-with"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968578/77131991/e5775e2d00078e503d1963d565b185de/standard/download-8-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat transfer hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximizing-round-trip-efficiency-in-1 <p>A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger from Alfa Laval developed for this application.</p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximizing-round-trip-efficiency-in-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968561/77131803/023d15e8a796f83fbcd8ec0dbfe14a77/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77131803 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:42:25 GMT Maximizing round-trip efficiency in LDES with Packinox+ A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger from Alfa Laval developed for this application. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger... Alfa Laval - Energy 02:58 <p>A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger from Alfa Laval developed for this application.</p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximizing-round-trip-efficiency-in-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968561/77131803/023d15e8a796f83fbcd8ec0dbfe14a77/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchange heat transfer hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximizing-round-trip-efficiency-in <p>A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger from Alfa Laval developed for this application.<p></p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximizing-round-trip-efficiency-in"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968578/77131774/a2da653c028f13be59728c76fbaf55cd/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77131774 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:42:20 GMT Maximizing round-trip efficiency in LDES with Packinox+ A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger from Alfa Laval developed for this application. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox Version with burnt in subtitles. A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger... Alfa Laval - Energy 02:58 <p>A key parameter in long duration energy storage is the round-trip efficiency, and to maximize it you need heat exchangers with outstanding heat transfer and very high capacity. In this video you will learn about Packinox+, a new heat exchanger from Alfa Laval developed for this application.<p></p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximizing-round-trip-efficiency-in"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968578/77131774/a2da653c028f13be59728c76fbaf55cd/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchange hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximize-heat-transfer-with-1 <p>A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties.</p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximize-heat-transfer-with-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968569/77130916/80efdae897767c741005cd2909f2d036/standard/download-9-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77130916 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:41:47 GMT Maximize heat transfer with Packinox+ A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties. For more details visit... Alfa Laval - Energy 03:33 <p>A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties.</p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximize-heat-transfer-with-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968569/77130916/80efdae897767c741005cd2909f2d036/standard/download-9-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchanger hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximize-heat-transfer-with <p>A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties.<p></p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximize-heat-transfer-with"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968555/77130877/fc08813bf201d6b697da4815ab14a29e/standard/download-10-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77130877 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:41:33 GMT Maximize heat transfer with Packinox+ A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox Version with burnt in subtitles. A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties. For more details visit... Alfa Laval - Energy 03:33 <p>A Packinox+ is ideal for processes with demanding heat transfer duties and can be used in a wide range of applications and optimized for highly asymmetric flows, for example gas-to-liquid or gas-to-gas duties.<p></p> <p>For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/maximize-heat-transfer-with"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968555/77130877/fc08813bf201d6b697da4815ab14a29e/standard/download-10-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement production crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchanger hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-reliability-and-efficiency-1 <p>HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn<br /> more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant.</p> <p>For more details go to www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-reliability-and-efficiency-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968560/77130540/a3a007fe417c93fafeaa65513d712e21/standard/download-8-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77130540 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:41:27 GMT Improve reliability and efficiency with HyperCut HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant. For more details go to www.alfalaval.com/packinox HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant. For more... Alfa Laval - Energy 01:19 <p>HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn<br /> more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant.</p> <p>For more details go to www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-reliability-and-efficiency-1"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968560/77130540/a3a007fe417c93fafeaa65513d712e21/standard/download-8-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchanger hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term enery storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-reliability-and-efficiency <p>HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn<br /> more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant.</p> <p>For more details go to www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-reliability-and-efficiency"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968567/77130523/51b4d2de86e31a98d0b21a348dfbe404/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/77130523 Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:41:21 GMT Improve reliability and efficiency with HyperCut HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant. For more details go to www.alfalaval.com/packinox Version with burnt in subtitles. HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant. For more... Alfa Laval - Energy 01:19 <p>HyperCut heat transfer plates feature a unique design of the distribution area and the inlets and outlets. In this video you will learn<br /> more about the Packinox family of products and how they can improve heat transfer in your plant.</p> <p>For more details go to www.alfalaval.com/packinox</p> <p>Version with burnt in subtitles.</p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/improve-reliability-and-efficiency"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968567/77130523/51b4d2de86e31a98d0b21a348dfbe404/standard/download-7-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchanger hydraulic efficiency hydrogen ldes long term energy storage methanol oil and gas industry petrochemicals plate-and-frame plate-and-shell power industry process industry steel production thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer http://energy.alfalaval.com/superior-thermal-performance-with <p><p>This animation demonstrates the working principle of the FlexFlow feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Maximal performance for asymmetric flows.</p> <p>For more details visit <a href="http://www.alfalaval.com/packinox">www.alfalaval.com/packinox</a></p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/superior-thermal-performance-with"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968556/75906040/f7914d312fb79c4b211cbf2c300900ec/standard/download-6-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> http://energy.alfalaval.com/photo/75906040 Mon, 23 May 2022 13:54:56 GMT Superior thermal performance with Alfa Laval FlexFlow This animation demonstrates the working principle of the FlexFlow feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Maximal performance for asymmetric flows. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox This animation demonstrates the working principle of the FlexFlow feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Maximal performance for asymmetric flows. For more details visit www.alfalaval.com/packinox Alfa Laval - Energy 00:41 <p><p>This animation demonstrates the working principle of the FlexFlow feature in Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers. Maximal performance for asymmetric flows.</p> <p>For more details visit <a href="http://www.alfalaval.com/packinox">www.alfalaval.com/packinox</a></p></p><p><a href="http://energy.alfalaval.com/superior-thermal-performance-with"><img src="http://energy.alfalaval.com/64968556/75906040/f7914d312fb79c4b211cbf2c300900ec/standard/download-6-thumbnail.jpg" width="75" height=""/></a></p> ammonia carbon capture cement crude oil refinery energy efficiency energy savings ethylene heat exchange heat exchanger heat transfer hydraulic efficiency hydrogen long term enery storage methanol oil and gas industry operating cost petrochemicals plate-and-shell process industry steel industry thermal efficiency thermal performance thermal transfer welded